Research Methods and Equipment Deployed
Note: By far the most effective search tool has been readers who have sent in emails to the 1421 team via the website – a never-ending stream of gold.
Below are technical details of equipment and systems used.
(1) Satellite Imagery (70 percent of the wrecks are well inshore)
(a) Land-sat, especially Landsat 7 and Eros data centre
(b) Global Land Information System (GLIS)
(c) Reverse infrared satellite imagery – to detect ‘cold spots’, viz underground buildings (see Appendix 23)
(d) Quick Bird (for high-resolution imagery).
(2) Ground Systems
(a) Magnetic Anomaly Survey – dowsing rods
(b) Ground Penetrating Radar
(c) Magnetometer – high resolution survey using caesium split beam technology
(d) Earth Resistance Survey using multi-electrode displacers
(e) EM34 conductivity survey for 3D (Sacramento junk: Professor Conyers)
(f) EM31 (for South Pacific)
(g) New invention by Mark Grasmuek – Ground Penetrating Radar which slices ground horizontally ( http://www.herald.com/news ) (Bob Kelly info.) (See Appendix 23)
(3) Radiocarbon Dating (reports available to genuine researchers)
(a) Wood – Standard Radiometric determination
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and holo cellulose extraction; for small pieces –
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
(3) (b) For mortar – Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
(c) For smelter slag – Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
(d) For shells – Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
(4) Wood Dating
Dendrochronology.
(5) Lunar eclipses, Venus’ rising and setting, moonrise, moonset, new and full moon dates for 1421-23. Microsoft “Starry Night”.
(6) Tsunamis – work of Professor Edward Bryant, Woolongong University, Australia (see para 20).
(7) Comet impacts – work carried out by Lamont Doherty Observatory, USA (see para. 20)
(8) Iron analyses – XRF Analyses. Method used, Borate fusion / X-ray spectrometry.
(9) Palynology – The scientific study of spores and pollens – for volcanic ash in mortar samples (Dr. John Utting)
(10) Laser ablation mass spectrometry and / or x-ray fluorescence – for comparison of trace elements in sandstone and limestone blocks found on the “Bimini roads” around the world. (Richard Kramer)
(11) Optical Dating – a new dating technique used for stone arrangements.
