DNA Evidence of Navajo People and Apache people
1. Principal DNA Report relied upon
(a) Title: Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian origin of Native American Publications
(b) Authors: Gabriel E Novick, Corina C Novick, Juan Yunis, Emilio Yunis, Pamera Antunez de Mayolo, W Douglas Scheer, Prescott L Deininger, Mark Stoneking, Daniel S York, Mark A Batzer and Rene J Herrera.
2. Precis of the Report’s findings
The results corroborate the Asian origin of native American populations but do not support the multiple-wave migration hypothesis supposedly responsible for the tripartite Eskaleut, Nadene and Amerind linguistic groups. Instead, these populations exhibit three major identifiable clusters reflecting geographic distribution. Close similarity between the Chinese and Native Americans suggests recent gene flow fromAsia.
3. Corroboration or supporting DNA Reports
(i) Professor Bryan Sykes, Seven Daughters of Eve, page 282.
(i) Study (1997) by U S National Academy of Sciences – Navajo possess unique type of retrovirus gene JCV found only inChina andJapan.
(ii) The Dene and Na-Dene Indian Migration of 1233 by Ethel G Stewart (ISAC Press, 1991)
(iii) Hopi traditions which say Navajo only arrived one generation before Spanish – Dr. Yates
4. Corroboration or supporting reports into ailments or diseases which suggest Chinese arrived by sea
Pima – “American mitochrondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages” –
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1990 Mar 46 (3), Schurr et al (see Bibliography).
5. Did the first Europeans to reach the area in which the Navajo people live find Chinese already there?
Yes. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) found Chinese people in Tiguex, home of the Navajo. He also found junks with gilded sterns.
6. Other evidence showing links with China
(a) Principal
(i) The Navajo elders could, 70 years ago, converse in Chinese with missionaries from S W China. Many visitors to website www.gavinmenzies.net have commented on the striking physical similarities between Navajo and Chinese.
(ii) Ethel Stewart provides a convincing case that the Navajo were Chinese fleeing Genghis Khan. They came in Chinese ships via Alaska.
(iii) Linguistics: · Our attention was drawn by one reader to the following extract:
“… The Tartar Chinese speak the dialect of the Apaches. The Apaches bear a striking resemblance to the Tartar. In about the year 1885, W. B. Horton, who had served as County Superintendent of Schools, at Tucson, was appointed Post Trader at Camp Apache, and went to San Francisco to purchase his stock, where he hired a Chinese cook. His kitchen adjoined his sleeping apartment, and one evening while in his room he heard in the kitchen some Indians talking. Wondering what they were doing there at that hour of the night, he opened the door and found his cook conversing with an Apache. He asked his cook where he had acquired the Indian language. The cook said: “He speak all same me. I Tartar Chinese; he speak same me, little different, not much.” At Williams, in Navajo County, is another Tartar Chinaman, Gee Jim, who converses freely with the Apaches in his native language. From these facts it would seem that the Apache is of Tartar origin. From the fact that the Apache language was practically the same as that of the Tartar Chinese, colour is given to the theory advanced by Bancroft in his “Native Races,” Volume 5, p. 33, et seq., that Western America was “originally peopled by the Chinese, or, at least, that the greater part of the new world civilization may be attributed to these people…” Reference Source: The University of Arizona Library “Books of the South West” Chapter 1, Indians of Arizona:
http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/hav7/body.1_div.1.html
(b) Secondary links with China
Local legends telling of pre-Columbian visitors from the West. Certain linguistics. Accounts of European historians (Acosta, Grotius). Wrecks of probable junks – Sacramento and Coronado/Mafeo and Frois. Accounts Europeans found Chinese plants (Cherokee rose, hibiscus (Rosa sinensis)), rice, 26-chromosome cotton; Europeans found Chinese animals – hens (Melanotic silkie, frizzle fowl), Chinese ship dogs (Acosta), carvings of horses. ‘Tiguex’ (name of Navajo) appeared on European maps before Europeans reached these (Cantino 1502, Waldseemueller 1507). Antonio Galvão reports Chinese claims to be ‘Lords of Mexico’ pre-European voyages. Garcia reports Chinese merchants in ports of Quatulco and Panuco. Asiatic shipwrecks on coast (Hugo Grotius). Foreign ships carved by Indian people of Tiguex. Statuettes of Buddha – Grand Canyon, Granby dam, Colorado, Chinese Statuette.
To read an in depth comparison of Chinese and Navajo peoples, by Margaret Cattey, please click here.
A reader had a conversation with a Navajo guide in 1996, who told him about the history of the Navajo tribe and the monument valley. He also mentioned that in 1995 or 1996 some tourists by accident found 2 Japanese skeletons which were uncovered by erosion. The bodies were immediately covered up again by angry elders and nothing has since been told of the story – Enrico Altmann
7. Evidence in Synopsis of Evidence on website www.gavinmenzies.net. Paras 3,6,7,8(a), 15, 16 and Annex XVIII.
8. Reference in 1421 The Year China Discovered America pages 415, 416, 426.
Summary
On Professor Novick’s ‘tree’ (Figure Z) the Navajo are some distance from the Chinese – further away than any other Indians people he studied. This would seem to equate with Ethel Stewart’s work – that they arrived two centuries before Zheng He’s fleet, yet a century ago could still converse in Chinese. However this conflicts with Hopi traditions that the Navajo only arrive one generation before the Spanish. It also conflicts with the Indians of Santa Clara Pueblo who are attempting to establish recent links with China (Arlene Mestas evidence – please refer to Annex 19)
